Many weeks have passed since I returned from the Bering Sea Canyon Expedition, but not one day has gone by that I haven't dealt with some facet of the cruise observations, data, or sharing information through discussions and presentations. As promised, I will provide initial findings of the research on as information from our international team of ecologists, biologists, geologists, biogeographers and taxonomists becomes available.
Here are a few links to articles and radio pieces about the expedition.
Anchorage Daily News September 2007
http://www.adn.com/news/environment/story/9283284p-9197791c.html
Juneau Empire September 2007
http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/091607/loc_20070916020.shtml
Anchorage Daily News: Relevations from the Deep
http://www.adn.com/life/alaskana/story/9463582p-9374837c.html
SCIENCE magazine October 2007
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5848/181a#AFF1
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5848/181a/F1
University of Alaska Geophysical Institute Science Forum
Revelations from a deep sea canyon, by Ned Rozell Fairbanks, Alaska
http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF18/1880.html
Dutch Harbor Fisherman
http://www.alaskanewspapers.com/content/pdf/DH_09-06-07.pdf
Dutch Harbor Fisherman: Photo on page 6
http://www.alaskanewspapers.com/content/pdf/DH_09-13-07.pdf
Alaska Public Radio
http://aprn.org/2007/08/13/bering-sea-under-submarine-examination-for-first-time/
Alaska Public Radio
http://media.aprn.org/2007/ann-20071005-05.mp3
Alaska Public Radio
http://aprn.org/2007/08/21/greenpeace-documents-wildlife-habitat-in-pribilof-undersea-canyons/
Alaska Public Radio: Scott Burton’s Interview with Scholl and Ridgway about 14-15 minutes into radio piece called "In the Trenches"
http://www.akradio.org/archive/AK%2011-10-2007.mp3
Diving in the submarines is limited by several factors. Fog, rough water and high winds have singly or collectively curtailed diving several times already. But re-powering requirements can also lead to "down time" for the subs. Batteries must be recharged through the ship's power supply for 3 to 5 hours between dives. During these intervals, we used the ROV to explore deeper habitats within the canyons.
The hightech Remotely Operated Vehicle is owned and operated by Matthew Cook, President of SeaViewSystems.com. In launching the equipment, ship's crew and ROV technical crew carefully synchronize cranes and cable reels to deploy and then monitor the vehicle from deck (for the entire dive!).
Meanwhile, Matt and Nuytco's chief navigator drive and track the ROV's position from the bridge deck. Ship's officers continuously adjust twin props and thrusters to manuever the 220 foot Esperanza over the tethered vehicle and then gently tow the apparatus to each station along the survey route.
A cadre of our scientific team and ship's crew then gather around the live video screen to discover, observe and record marine life along the survey routes. NMFS's sponge expert, "SpongeBob" was keen to point out exotic to cryptic sponges observed, while Greenpeace's John Hocevar, Clive, Timo, Kenneth, David, myself and others maintained records on invertebrate, fish and coral sightings.
Tooled with four dynamic thrusters and a powerful vertical thruster, the "DR", or "deep-rated" SeaView Falcon ROV was able to navigate in even high current areas for this work. Laser beams with a 20 cm spread were used to scale the underwater video images. We used a custom manipulator arm to collect selected specimens for further taxonomic analysis when possible. Once captured by video and deftly collected by manipulator arm, precious specimens were transported across the seafloor to a specimen bin attached to the ROV's undersea "garage".
The SeaView Falcon DR ROV was an excellent tool for extending our probing into the depths of Alaska's Zhemchug and Pribilof Canyons! When it was "down time" for the subs and pilots, it was "show time" for the ROV to explore these marine habitats in an intimate manner that allowed for everyone onboard to collaborate in the research program.
The field research phase of our Expedition to the Bering Sea Canyons is winding down, and the Esperanza is laying on anchor near Captain's Bay, Unalaska. Several updates written at sea for this blog were never posted due to satellite signal strength for transmission issues, vessel orientation, or computer dedication to other work at hand.
I will "post" post those blogs, as well as continue to provide updates on findings from the expedition as they emerge. More coming very soon!
Thanks to friends, family, colleagues and others that wrote in during the voyage .... it was great to hear from you and I am touched by your level of interest, support and encouragement.
Here is our team of Bering Sea Canyon Expedition Submarine Pilots:
Kenneth Lowyck (Belgium), Michelle Ridgway (Alaska), John Hocevar (Texas), Timothy Marshall (California) and David Guggenheim (Washington, DC).
Whether diving together or collaborating on surface, these guys are excellent pilots and great to work with!
We have completed 25 dives in Pribilof and Zhemchug Canyons, down to a maximum depth of 1,950 feet (about 325 fathoms, or over 650 meters). Some dives were in tandem ... with two subs deployed together, and other dives were conducted solo -- one sub in the water at a time. Individual dives have lasted nearly five hours from "hatch to hatch"!
Squid, Dall's Porpoise and Pacific Ocean Perch exhibit no apparent aversion to our submarine visits beneath the waves, but I wonder how other fishes respond to our presence. A multitude of studies indicate that marine organisms -- from larval barnacles to great whales -- respond to underwater noise. And, yes, some frequencies of sound cause fish to change their behavior as well. Are we "noisy" underwater? Quite simply, YES! If you listen to our underwater tapes, you'll hear all the racket .... The submarines are basically a collection of motors, pumps and systems for communicating with surface. Thrusters each have a high pitched whine, hydraulic motors and pumps for the manipulator arm, sonar transponders and the underwater telephone each put out various sounds into the briny deep.
Whether these sounds are masked by sounds from ships overhead, by whales chattering away underwater, or other ambient noises in the sea, I cannot be certain. Within a short range of the sub, I imagine that creatures detect some pretty peculiar sounds.
Then there's the light. In a relatively dark environment, the quartz, HMI, LED, flashing beacon, and interior lights from sonar screen, compass, computer screen, and other sources must illuminate the canyons in a manner rarely experienced by sea creatures.
Intuitively, I must think that there are many fish and invertebrates that may keep their distance as we descend in the subs. Nonetheless, we have been incredibly fortunate to observe quite a number of species in the canyons in situ for the first time. Highlights of our fish observations thusfar include blob sculpin, grenadier, three species of red rockfish -- including many many juveniles, eelpouts, sablefish (blackcod), myctophid lampfish, prowfish, and several wonderful species of transluscent to rubbery bodied snailfishes!
I'll continue posting fish findings as we extract photos from the underwater images. The only fish we actually collected were "volunteers" ... Pacific Ocean Perch that somehow jammed themselves in between the submarine frame and batery pods and two myctophids that came up in the submarine collection baskets ... fortuitously caught during ascent.
Here's a rockfish with her boulder in Zhemchug Canyon. Invertebrates on the boulder include a huge crinoid (top right), basket star (center), brachiopods (top center), seastars and several species of anenome.
So much goes through one's mind whilst sitting in the sub on deck in the wind, awaiting deployment at the next survey station. Once the ship arrives at the targeted isobath, latitude and longitude, the sub support team swings into action. Until then, we check and recheck life support systems, try to stay warm, and imagine what creatures lie beneath the steely blue sea surface. A great book given to me by a very dear friend provides good fodder for the imagination ....
Infusing images from Ray Troll's Rapture of the Deep into my mind's eye prior to exploring the depths of Zhemchug Canyon provided great entertainment for the long descent through the water column. Ratfish Ray's viscious fishes and portraits of nautiloids, trilobites, viperfish, jellyfish and other organisms in marine evolutionary history wrench open one's thoughts as to what exactly we might encounter in the abyss. And then we take the plunge ... only to discover the truly bizarre myriad plants, animals and those in between that exact their existence from these cold dark water habitats just below the arctic circle. Crinoids, asteroids, amphipods, cephalopods ... fantastic!
Launch Time = 0921 August 9 2007 Location: Zhemchug Canyon (N 58.36.2701 W 174 15.2287)
The Nuytco Crew closed my hatch on Deepworker 7 at just after 8 am. A damp, chilling autumnal breeze was still blowing but seas laid down considerably. Diek put us on station at the north rim of Zhemchug Canyon in waters just over 500 meters deep.
Hettie set me into the water first, allowing me some time to manuever around on the surface. Almost immediately, several high -speed black and white mammals zipped by in front of my viewing dome! When making headway under thrusters in choppy water, our field of view rocks from underwater to wave crests to just above surface. So I was able to see the two dozen or so
Dall's porpoise ripping across the surface, then circling around me just a few meters below surface. Weeha ! Once deployed, David and I moved toward one another for descent, watching in awe as now dozens of porpoise dazzled us with their elegant, swift swimming skills and remarkable beauty.
I engaged my manipulator arm to orient my high definition video camera toward David, and proceeded to film him surrounded by the pod. As I descended some 50 feet below him, many a curious porpoise swam down and rolled slightly sideways just an arms length from my dome.
WHAT WERE THEY DOING? Tilting an eye for a better view? Showing off their flashy streamlined torso? Trying to communicate some cetacean message to through my titanium and acrylic pilot pod? I cannot say what was in the minds of these creatures, but they certainly seemed captivated by our shiny human shells.
Just past the 300 foot depth level, I looked up into dim surface light to see torpedo-shaped sillhouettes swimming near surface. One at a time, they tipped their heads downward and with the most powerful, graceful flexing of their entire trunk, they rocketed straight toward me. With one quick whip turn past me their visit ended without so much as a pause at depth.
Not long after the porpoise visits ceased, I heard news that my human companion was also departing. We had entered the squid zone --- with hundreds of feisty cephalopods darting at the subs from every direction. I made it through the layer unscathed ... except that one attacker left the front of my dome without one its eight legs .... a single squid leg remained attached to my dome by its suckers for my entire dive.
David did not fare so well running the squid gauntlet. Apparently he took squid into his vertical thruster and jammed it or blew a fuse. At just a few hundred feet down, he reported the condition to topside and was ordered to surface for retrieval. Topside navigators issued me a most welcome "proceed to bottom solo" order, so into the abyss I continued.
Billions of brittlestars awaited me on the familiar silty seafloor upon landing at 1,737 feet. Swift slope currents carried ditritus was apparently the quarry of these tiny stars, as most had their tentacle-like, bristly arms extended up from their anchorages to harvest the organic material coming their way.
Strong currents nearly overwhelmed me in Deepworker 7 I was carried away from my landing location in just the time it took to report my life support system readings to topside. Like so much flotsam, I, too was swept along in the current when not using full thrusters to maintain headway on my transect compass course.
High currents create unique oases for marine life at such depths. In this case fields of gravel, cobble and occaisonal boulders swept clean of silt and sand with nutrient loaded seawater flowing through provide the necessary attachment substrata for sessile organisms and shelter for mobile species like fish and crab. Once in this rocky terrain, the tangerine realm of Zhemchug Canyon was unveiled. I first caught sight of fields of brilliant mandarin - orange anenomes with tentacles wide open like so many blossoms. Golden orange rockfish (Sebastes), asteroid stars, nudibranchs ('seaslugs'), hermit crabs, transluscent shrimp, seastars, plume worms, decorator crabs, corals, and even orange-hued sponges clustered on every bit of solid stone exposed.
I proceeded along my transect at a heading of roughly 030 to 360 degrees, but maintaining constant speed and trackline tough. Using the large manipulator on Deepworker 7, I collected a few specimens of sponges, corals, and other organisms for which we needed taxonomic confirmation.
Some creatures seemed to carry on with their day, while others scurried for shelter or hovered a little closer to the shadows of coral branches as I approached.
Here are a few images of creature from the dive. The tiny golden king crab came to surface inadvertently ... it was clinging deep within the orange sponge it lives on in situ. This is yet another one of the wonderful species associations we have been able to observe and document in the Canyons. Associates are species which have an interdependance for a phase of their life or their entire lives. Researchers have found that these golden king crab are found with this sponge both in the Aleutian Islands and now we have seen evidence of a similar association in the Canyons.
After over three hours surveying waters below 1,700 feet, my power system began to exhibit signs of drainage. Working in the currents, filming and collecting with the manipulator combined can draw batteries down moreso than a passive dive. Whatever the cause, topside navigator requested that I return to surface and conserve energy where possible.
No pilot ever wants to be called back to surface. The exquisite and surreal world in the deep sea is so fascinating that none of us were ever anxious to leave. However, upon being called, there is no questioning topside orders, so with great reluctance, I activated vertical thrusters and began to ascend.
Even with all lights, sonar, compass and manipulator off, progress toward surface was slow. Out of concern for my power supply and pace of ascent, topside directed me to rise using my soft balast air tanks .... by injecting the tanks with high pressure air, I was able to achieve an ascent rate of about 100 feet every 45 seconds. It was the first time any of us had used this procedure, so correcting air volumes as I ascended was a new experience. Nuytco's attentive ops team monitored my progress, and I surfaced slightly buoyant, but without incident.
During all of this, some familiar faces greeted me as I approached surface. At about 250 feet down, several inquisitive Dall's Porpoise appeared. They proceeded to frolic about the sub until I was recovered. What an exhiliarating ride! Being surrounded by a pod of wild and free Dall's Porpoise was at once humbling and inspiring. I feel incredibly fortunate to visit their undersea world.
The Bering Sea has many moods. As of late she's been fairly gentle, but for a groundswell that makes submarine deployment a tremendous challenge. Movement of our craft from Esperanza's helideck down about 25 feet to the sea surface is our normal route to the deepsea. But seastate determines how smooth that ride might be. Over the past two days, a large low pressure system on the Russian side of the Bering Sea and local 20 knot winds led to a seaswell of 10-12 feet. The ship's professional crane operators, Boatswain Penny and First Mate Hettie can deal with lifting us from the deck, over a high rail and the 25 foot transfer to seasurface, but add to it an erratic 12 foot trough and the stress on cables and the submarines can be tremendous.
Operating the ROV in such conditions is also harrowing, at times. Unlike the subs, the ROV is tethered to the ship. When the ship rocks and heaves in heavy seas, the ROV is pulled around underwater, and difficult to operate. Nonetheless, Matt's weather window is a bit broader than ours for the subs, and he was able to deploy his CI Falcon DR ("Deep Rated") remote operated vehicle this afternoon while we stood by on hold.
We are still on hold. Our present location is 57 50.127 north latitude by 173 49.326 west longitude. Time is nearly 1600 hours and depth is about 380 meters. The location was selected because current records indicate that gorgonian corals have been collected in the area by trawls.
Because of the seastate, Nuytco's sub support team have changed the dive plan ... they want me to dive solo, in case weather worsens and quick recovery is warranted. Just as we slowed to our desired launch position, Bering Sea opaque fog flowed in from every direction and is currently blanketing the ship. Launch is delayed until visibility improves.
I have gone through the extended predive procedure, and the crew has triple checked all systems. At this point I have only to load my personal kit of a notebook, hat and gloves, Joel's camera and a few items I always take to depth for good luck. Included in this assortment is my precious layered stone from the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Nearly a year ago, I transited the Colorado River drainage by raft with a cadre of international river guides and their families. We explored that deep canyon extensively. Laying on my back and gazing up 2000 foot vertical walls while drifting down the river, I dreamed of what it would be like to explore the great marine canyons here in Alaska. Now I am having that chance ... a dream come true.
Am looking forward to seeing the corals that lay below ... and the suite of other organisms inhabiting the seafloor environment. Standing by for launch! (Greenpeace.org webcam is on the helideck if you want to check out the fog! And the "covershot" photo on their website is of a lovely snailfish swimming among delicate branches of a black coral called Lillipathes. NEMO OF THE NORTH ! I took this still shot from Matt's ROV during a deployment in Zhemchug Canyon just a couple of days ago).
Throughout our expedittion in the southern Bering Sea, we have been incredibly blessed with excellent weather and the constant company of marine mammals and birds. Last night we had lots of company! As yet another productive day of undersea exporation wound down, and the ship slowed for the evening, we were joined by hundreds of seabirds.
Light and dark-phase northern fulmars (hundreds), mottled petrels (dozens) and albatross (9 total) gathered around the Esperanza in a huge flock. Some aggregations of birds were clearly feeding. Among the smaller birds, we spotted first two blackfooted (middle photo) and then a short tailed abatross (bottom . Within half an hour, three more short tailed albatross glided in and joined the other three albatross about 100 meters off of our stern! Then a Laysan's albatross joined them, and yet two more short tailed. The gathering of six short tailed abatross in one small aggregation so close to the ship was fantastic to witness. With fewer than1,200 remaining on the planet, this was a significant portion of their population!
Mannes' engineer crew shut down Esperanza's main engines for an evening drifting over the Canyon.
As daylight began to fade to darkness at around 10 pm, dozens of distant exhalation plumes from unknown cetaceans toward Experanza from the distant fogbank. First a few dozen, then over a hundred Fin whales were in sight of Esperanza's bridge! The massive whales were rolling about on the surface within 25 meters of the vessel on all sides! I never observed the Fins breaching, but they seemed to be lunging near the surface ... either at one another, or perhaps in pursuit of food. One individual was characterized by Diek as the "big bull" lunged on the surface directly toward Esperanza's bow several times.
Whether he was defending his feeding territory, or perhaps mating territory, or simply lunging for other reasons, we cannot know. But when a whale one-third the size of the ship makes such assertive gestures, I do wonder whether there was a message he was trying to convey.
WHY WERE ARE THEY HERE? I am not so familiar with the ecology of fin whales, except to know that they are considered generalists with regards to food preferences. They apparently feed on fish and invertebrates in the water column. Although we have seen few fish or euphausiids during our descent in submarines, we are definitely in squid country. We also know that at least some cod and myctophids are in the vicinity. So, these may be among the species that support the great whale populations. And since several of these species migrate up the the sea surface at night, perhaps that explains this apparent feeding frenzy at the corpuscular hour.
Studies by Alan Springer and other ecologist indicated that the Bering Sea shelf break, called the "greenbelt", is among the most productive ecosystems in the world. From phytoplankton to top predators, the carbon produced and transferred from the deep basin waters up the slope and onto the shallow shelf rivals that of any such system on the planet.
Helena, Rao and I continued watching the enormous pod of whales until well past midnight, at which time I had to leave the bridge to them and prepare for another day of submarining.
